Ecosystem services and disservices of wild and domestic mammals: Contrasting farmers' perceptions and tourists' demands in an African coexistence landscape

In social-ecological systems of sub-Saharan Africa, wild and domestic mammals are key providers of ecosystem services (ESs) and disservices (EDSs), directly shaping local livelihoods. In coexistence landscapes, abundant wildlife sustains tourism economies while increasing the risk of human-wildlife conflict (HWC) for smallholder farmers due to trade-offs in ecosystem (dis-)service provision. Despite growing interest in ESs and EDSs, their joint analysis across mammal assemblages remains rare, and quantitative assessments of how mammal species are perceived differently by societal groups—such as farmers and tourists—remain limited.